The 2 Main Forms of Energy

The 2 Main Forms of Energy Although there are several types of energy, scientists can group them into two main categories: kinetic energy and potential energy. Here is a look at the forms of energy, with examples of each type. Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is energy of motion. Atoms and their components are in motion, so all matter possesses kinetic energy. On a larger scale, any object in motion has kinetic energy. A common formula for kinetic energy is for a moving mass: KE 1/2 mv2 KE is kinetic energy, m is mass, and v is velocity. A typical unit for kinetic energy is the joule. Potential Energy Potential energy is energy that matter gains from its arrangement or position. The object has the potential to do work. Examples of potential energy include a sled at the top of a hill or a pendulum at the top of its swing. One of the most common equations for potential energy can be used to determine the energy of an object with respect to its height above a base: E mgh PE is potential energy, m is mass, g is acceleration due to gravity, and h is height. A common unit of potential energy is the joule (J). Because potential energy reflects the position of an object, it can have a negative sign. Whether it is positive or negative depends on whether work is done by the system or on the system. Other Types of Energy While classical mechanics classifies all energy as either kinetic or potential, there are other forms of energy. Other forms of energy include: gravitational energy - the energy resulting from the attraction of two masses to each other.electric energy - energy from a static or moving electrical charge.magnetic energy - energy from the attraction of opposite magnetic fields, repulsion of like fields, or from an associated electric field.nuclear energy - energy from the strong force that bonds protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.thermal energy - also called heat, this is energy that can be measured as temperature. It reflects the kinetic energy of atoms and molecules.chemical energy - energy contained in chemical bonds between atoms and molecule.mechanical energy - the sum of the kinetic and potential energy.radiant energy - energy from electromagnetic radiation, including visible light and x-rays (for example). Â  An object may possess both kinetic and potential energy. For example, a car driving down a mountain has kinetic energy from its movement and potential energy from its position relative to sea level. Energy can change from one form into others. For example, a lightning strike can convert electrical energy into light energy, thermal energy, and sound energy. Conservation of Energy While energy can change forms, it is conserved. In other words, the total energy of a system is a constant value. This is often written in terms of kinetic (KE) and potential energy (PE): KE PE Constant A swinging pendulum is an excellent example. As a pendulum swings, it has maximum potential energy at the top of the arc, yet zero kinetic energy. At the bottom of the arc, it has no potential energy, yet maximum kinetic energy.

or the supernatural in the medieval lay Essay Example

The role of fairies and/or the supernatural in the medieval lay Essay Example The role of fairies and/or the supernatural in the medieval lay Paper The role of fairies and/or the supernatural in the medieval lay Paper Essay Topic: Literature Medieval lays are essentially tales of romance, often of Celtic origin. Similar patterns of events, or certain features are common in many lays, for example the theme of deeply felt love or a complex love situation where two lovers are separated, go through a period of grief and are eventually reunited. This pattern of events can been compared to rites of passage, as will be discussed later. The mixture between reality and the otherworld is a key aspect of the medieval lays. The supernatural is not over-emphasised, instead it works alongside the reality of the lay, making it much more believable to the audience. Fairies and the supernatural play a particularly important role in Sir Orfeo, based on the classical Orpheus myth. Sir Orfeo enters the fairy-kingdom to rescue his wife Heurodis who has been snatched by the fairy king. Sir Orfeo is able to charm the fairy king with his harp-playing ability, and the fairy king agrees to let Heurodis go. Other lays containing elements of the supernatural include Lanval taken from the Lais of Marie De France, and the Franklins Tale from Chaucers Canterbury Tales. Lanval is lead into the otherworld by two beautiful maids to see their fairy-mistress. She gives him everything he desires, but makes him promise that he will never speak a word of their love to anyone, otherwise he will never see her again. On returning to his own world, Queen Guinevere makes a pass at him but he refuses, insults her in his anger, and talks of his love for the fairy-mistress. Despite this, she forgives him and rescues him from his trial before King Arthur and they return to Avalon. In the Franklins Tale, Dorigen marries Arveragus (a Knight), but then he has to leave to go to England. Dorigen is heart-broken and inconsolable. She attends a May dance, where Aurelius falls in love with her. She makes a rash promise that, should he be able to remove all the rocks from the coast (so that her husband can return safely), she would love him. The supernatural in this lay is when Aurelius meets an Astrologer, whom he pays to make an illusion that the rocks have disappeared. Aurelius goes back to Dorigen to claim his reward. However, her husband returns and Aurelius takes pity on Dorigen, releasing her from the oath she swore. Motifs and Celtic tradition relating to fairies and the supernatural Many of the medieval lays contain motifs relating to the supernatural. It is common, for example, for mortals to be snatched away by the fairies when lying in a meadow or under a tree particularly the ympe-tree described in Sir Orfeo. In Celtic tradition is it believed that those who lie or fall asleep under a tree or in a meadow place themselves in the power of the fairies. In Sir Orfeo, Heurodis first encounter with the fairy king occurs whilst she is asleep under an ympe-tree. The use of the orchard/meadow in the lays creates the impression of a walled-garden used so often in medieval romance, which should signify safety and serenity. The fairies, however, often appear in this environment sometimes through dreams (as is the case in Sir Orfeo where Heurodis is first visited by the fairy king in her dreams). This motif is also used in Lanval, where the fairy mistresss two maids approach him while he is laying by a stream in a meadow. Unlike Heurodis encounter, Lanval is approached whilst he is awake, which to some extent makes is less fantastical and more realistic to the audience. The maids appear to be much more like mortals. Other motifs relate to the idea of rite of passage, as discussed earlier. The transition stage is the most important in the lays, as it is the point in which the supernatural usually plays the most important role. It is apparent that the transition stage is often a period of immense grief and sorrow, and involves some kind of complication for the lovers involved. In Sir Orfeo, he comes across the fairy king on a hunt after being separated from Heurodis, and his quest to reclaim her from the fairy kingdom begins. Also, Lanval meets the fairy mistress when he has been separated from King Arthurs court. The three stages in the Franklins Tale are not as obvious because there are two possible elements of separation one of Dorigen from her husband, and one of Aurelius from Dorigen. The encounters with Aurelius and the supernatural could, however, be interpreted as an obstacle to Dorigens marriage an obstacle that they are able to overcome. The fact that the supernatural encounters generally occur during the most important stage shows a heavy reliance on the supernatural for the progression of events in the lays. This is characteristic of medieval lays and, to some extent, the way in which it is used distinguishes the lays from other medieval romance. Sir Orfeo is based entirely around Heurodis being snatched away by the fairy king. Similarly, Aurelius being able to fulfil his promise to Dorigen in the Franklins Tale is totally reliant upon supernatural intervention in the form of the astrologer. Portrayal of fairies, the otherworld and the supernatural in medieval lays It is common in Celtic tradition for mortals to be snatched away by fairies and taken into their kingdom. The image that Sir Orfeo sees when he enters the fairy kingdom is that of all those who have been snatched away, frozen in their last state as they were on Earth. Heurodis is shown to him asleep under a similar tree in the fairy kingdom to that she was snatched from in the mortal world. This not only stresses the significance of the orchard motif, but it also suggests that these surroundings provide some kind of gateway between the two worlds. It is no coincidence that the writer describes Heurodis sitting under similar trees in both worlds. If this environment does act as a gateway, it may be seen as a ray of hope for Sir Orfeo as there is a possibility of transporting Heurodis back. The similarity between the mortal world and the fairy world in Sir Orfeo is a striking feature of the lay. When Heurodis is snatched away an taken into the fairy kingdom, she is shown castels and tours, rivers, forestes, frith with flours (Johnson 1987:6) This same line is repeated to describe what Sir Orfeo has left behind in his kingdom when he goes to live alone in the woods. Again, it is not a coincidence that exactly the same line is repeated for both worlds. This makes the two worlds much more alike, reducing the strangeness of the fairy world. Here the poet is trying to create a world that is familiar to the audience. It is easier to accept the supernatural, as it is closer to reality. Similarly, in Lanval there is a strong sense of reality despite his love being immortal. Here, the supernatural elements of his fairy-mistress and being taken into the otherworld are balanced with the very real issue of Lanval facing a legal system and ultimately death because of his encounter. The supernatural is not for fun, it creates some element of danger for the mortals involved. Lanval and the Franklins tale are not supernatural in the same way as Sir Orfeo. The supernatural elements in the two are played-down, and much more believable to the medieval audience. In Lanval the fairy-mistress appears mortal until the very end of the lay where we are told she returns to Avalon the fairy kingdom. In the Franklins Tale, the supernatural is in the form of an astrologer/sorcerer. The fact that he is more closely related to natural magic is more believable, and shows that the supernatural plays a structural role rather than just making the lays more interesting. Other similarities can be seen in Sir Orfeo, where the hunt with the fairy king and his thousand Knights is reflected in the mortal world by Sir Orfeo and his ten hundred Knightes (Johnson 1987:7) when they try to protect Heurodis from being snatched away. The fact that one world seems to be a reflection of the other means that the presence of the supernatural within the lays does not detract from the main theme usually love. The similarities between the two worlds emphasise the theme of what a good ruler should be. The fairy king displays chivalrous behaviour similar to that of Sir Orfeo by keeping his word and letting Heurodis go back to the mortal world, despite the fact that he is under no obligation to do so. If the fairy king did not conform to these rules, Sir Orfeos method of rescuing Heurodis would not have been successful. The immortal also appear more humanly as they can, to some extent, be controlled or subtly manipulated by mortals. Sir Orfeo, for example, is able to charm the fairy king with his harp-playing ability into making him promise to let Heurodis go. This is also true in Lanval, where despite her promise that Lanval would never see her again if he spoke of their love, the fairy mistress remained loyal to him by rescuing him from King Arthurs court. Conclusion It is apparent from the three lays discussed that the structure of the lays relies heavily upon the supernatural, it is essential to the development of events rather than being added for decoration. In each of the lays it is presented in a way that makes it reflect the mortal world in values as well as appearance, particularly in Sir Orfeo. It also acts to highlight the rites of passage motif, as the supernatural encounters occur in the transitional stage. Finally, it acts to emphasise the values and lessons to be learned from the lays, such as the values needed to be a good leader as with the fairy king and Sir Orfeo; also the importance of being true and forgiving like Aurelius in the Franklins Tale and the fairy mistress in Lanval. Overall, the supernatural plays an essential structural role, but does not undermine the main themes of the lays instead it makes them clearer and for the audience to see.

The Pepsi Challenge Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Pepsi Challenge - Case Study Example The case study deals with Pespi Inc. and the issues it faces with the implementation of enterprise software platform throughout the length and breadth of the organisation. The organisation faces challenges on several fronts. It confronts resistance to change - from the different business divisions, high costs of implementation and labour issues. The organisation's transition to a techno savvy business entity has not been smooth and this report aims to analyse the different incidents which that comes across. Autonomy and fragmentation are the biggest obstacles that the organisation has to resolve. Autonomy is charectised by the reluctance of the different divisions to follow suit in pursuance of a central data warehousing system -because of a variety of reasons. Fragmentation is apparent due to the different software and hardware supports on which the different sections of this huge organisation runs. The purpose of this report is to firstly identify the chief areas of concern that the organisation is facing, and secondly suggest alternatives to the top management so that these problems can be overcome. The case brief outlines the steps that the management has already taken to chalk out a path for the organisation towards becoming an IT backed system - which also includes the problems it has encountered on the way. This report aims to explore newer opportunities that could have gone unnoticed by the management. It is understood that the organisation is huge - Pepsi operates in over 200 countries and the group revenues were to the tune of 43,251 million U.S. dollars in the fiscal year of 2008 (We are Performance with Purpose - Pepsico 2008 Annual Report, 2008). So the challenges that such a company would face while implementing a different outlook towards IT would, invariably be enormous. Background The background of the report is a case brief which deals at length with Pepsi, the issues it faces with the implementation of enterprise software and the efforts that need to be taken by the company in order to overcome the situation. The organisation is faced with several challenges - it operates in a highly competitive market, which is heavily dependent on the prices of the raw material and with issues to tackle major socio - political issues across the globe. It is in this background that the company has embarked on a mission to come up with a leaner supply chain and better data warehousing. "We depend on information technology as an enabler to improve the effectiveness of our operations and to interface with our customers, as well as to maintain financial accuracy and efficiency", states the latest annual report of the company (We are Performance with Purpose - Pepsico 2008 Annual Report, 2008). Approach/ Methodology/ Theoretical Framework The case brief required a thorough analysis. It was found necessary to visit the official

Procter & Gamble Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Procter & Gamble Company - Research Paper Example The company, which has been in the industry for 174 years, has earned a great number of recognitions over the years. These included, to cite a few, a 6th ranking on Fortune’s â€Å"Global Most Admired Companies†, a 2nd on Fortune’s â€Å"Top Companies for Leaders† survey, top rankings on the Dow Jones Sustainability Index from 2000 to 2010, and most innovative manufacturer in the consumer packaged goods industry for the last decade given by the Symphony IRI group. In addition, P&G has also been recognized by the National Association for Female Executives (Top 50 Companies for Executive Women) and Black Enterprise magazine (40 Best Companies for Diversity); awards related to creating a diverse workplace. On top of that, P&G has been consistently a member of the Billion Dollar Roundtable, made up of 17 corporations that spend more than $1 billion annually with diverse suppliers, since 2005 (Procter & Gamble Co., 2011). P&G serves consumer, household and phar maceutical goods to consumers in more than 180 countries. Having around 127,000 employees for ground operations in 80 countries (Procter & Gamble Co., 2011) , the company makes at least 250 brands in six main categories: laundry and cleaning (detergents), paper goods (toilet paper), beauty care (cosmetics and shampoos), food and beverages (coffee and snacks), feminine care (sanitary towels) and health care (toothpaste and medicine), (Corporate Watch , 2002). Among the quality and leadership brands manufactured by the company are Ivory, Pampers, Tide, Ariel, Always, Whisper, Pantene, Folgers, Charmin, Downy, Lenor, Iams, Crest, Oral B, Actonel, Duracell, Olay, head & Shoulders, Wella, Gilette, and Braun (Procter & Gamble Co., 2006). History P&G has changed the lifestyle of consumers worldwide, the history of which can be rooted way back in 1837 in Cincinnati, Ohio. William Procter, who was originally from England, and James Gamble, an immigrant from Ireland, had crossed paths when th ey married sisters Olivia and Elizabeth Norris (Procter & Gamble Co., 2006). The partnership of the two was suggested by their mutual father-in-law, Alexander Norris, who stated that both William’s trade, candle making and James’ which was soap making would utilize lye from animal fat and wood ashes that were prominent in Cincinnati (FundingUniverse, 2003). At that time of the business establishment, Williams and James used a forward-looking approach despite the financial panic across US wherein banks were bankrupt and competition among soap and candle makers were tough. Despite the years leading to civil war in the 1850s, P&G was able to obtain large contracts from the national government to provide the Union army with soap and candle products (Dyer, Dalzell, & Olegario, 2004). Furthermore, Williams and James’ company was able to start one of the first profit-sharing programs in the US, and also invested in a research laboratory (Procter & Gamble Co., 2006). It was in the 1890s when P&G developed and sold 30 different types of soap, which included the famous brand Ivory and soaps for dishwashing and washing clothes. The effective advertisements of the products through the use of radio â€Å"soap operas†, product sampling and promotional premiums increased the demand which led to expansion of operations in Kansas City, Kansas and Ontario, Canada. Another world-wide known product introduced by P&G in 1946 was Tide. The introduction of Tide was remarkably successful which paved the way to having new markets across continents (Procter & Gamble Co., 2006). A few years following the sensation of Tide, several products were brought into the market. The first fluoride toothpaste, Crest, became popularly known as it was endorsed by the American Dental

Own Business Essay Example for Free

Own Business Essay If I were to start my own business, the first decision I would make would be in deciding what product or service my company would produce or provide. For example, do I have a greater interest in the area of production or service? In deciding this, I would research the market to determine if there was a need for the product or service I was considering. I would also conduct research to determine what area (s) would be some of the better areas to begin the type of business I plan on undertaking. Things I might consider would be the competition, noticeable need for my product or service in the area and even presenting the idea at a public meeting in the area while evaluating the response I receive. Another key type of decision would be determining the size of the business. Along with determining for example whether the business would be a small business, medium-size or large business, I would need to determine the staffing needs of the business. As Al Coke stated in the book, â€Å"Seven Steps to a Successful Business Plan,† â€Å"What are your short-term and long-term staffing requirements? What kinds of skills will be needed at each level, now and in the future? † (Coke, 2002). Along the same line, what types of employees will be needed for the positions. If my company is involved in technology, I would need to hire individuals with training and education in the technology field. Deciding upon which tools and equipment will be needed for the operation of the business I have chosen would be another key decision needed to be made. For example, if I were considering opening a restaurant, I would need to look into the prices, types and sizes of the various commercial cooking equiptment available. One could include the company’s vision and mission statements as key decisions when starting up a company. As stated in Mr. Coke’s own words, â€Å"You must have two stakes in the ground to build a story and a subsequent business plan: vision and mission. One creates passion and the other provides purpose (Coke, 2002, p. 111). There would be different financial decisions to be made. For example, how much will I need or can I afford for start-up costs? What are the long-term capital investment requirements? In writing all of the financial decisions down, a good question to ask would be, â€Å"Do the financial numbers make good business sense? † (Coke, 2002, p. 33) Although the items listed above would just be some of the key decisions I would make when considering starting a business, I would definitely include a written business plan. In the business plan I would include information like that which I have listed above along with statistical information and data that I would use throughout my business inception and into the future.

Sex and Violence on Television Essay -- Television Media TV Essays

Sex and Violence on Television   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since its inception, television has been the center of controversy. Often it has been viewed as being extremely detrimental to society, and because of this, it is often referred to as the "Boob-tube" or the "Idiot-box". So what makes television so detrimental? - The content (or in the opinion of many) the lack thereof. It is said that television has caused the rotting of our minds, that it depreciates the imagination and contributes to laziness. But the most important accusation against what comes over the airwaves, is that it influences some people into committing antisocial and often immoral behavior. Narrowing down the search of the most important problems reveals an excess of sexual and violent material on Television, most of which is readily available to young and extremely impressionable viewers. This material is often said to be the cause for the increase of violent crimes and open promiscuity, which has become more apparent over the past few d ecades. However, many would disagree with this standpoint. They believe that the amount of sex and violence seen each day on television is not the cause of societal woes, but has been caused by the problems that are witnessed in the real world every day. Perhaps it is just another case of which came first, the chicken or the egg? Also, the television industry is one of the most profitable of all industries, especially in this country, for, "Sex sells," as the saying goes. As for the violence that we see, only violence packed movies make as much money as they do and they are more likely to receive a lot of attention when first viewed on network television than non-violent blockbusters. As a movie executive once put it, "Violence is going ... ... Cancels Crime Show That Fails to Get Any Ads."The New York Times3 May 1989:D1. "Celebrate the Freedom to Read: Read 1996's Most Challenged Books." American Library Association. 1996. Go To Constitution of the United States of America.Amendment I. Eysenck, H. J. "Sex Violence and the Media." New York: St. Martin's Press1978. Godwin, Mike. "Why We'll Win: When Uncle Sam gets out of line, Good Lawyers Are The Best Revenge" HotWired. 1996. Go To Guyton, Kady. "Censored Literature Draws Attention." Student Publications Inc. 1995. Go To Haithman, Diane."Housewife Critic of TV Finds Less to Protest."Los Angeles Times 22 July 1989:V1. Wyatt, Robert O., David Neft, David P. Badger."Free Expression and the American Public: A Survey Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the First Amendment." Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 1991. Sex and Violence on Television Essay -- Television Media TV Essays Sex and Violence on Television   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since its inception, television has been the center of controversy. Often it has been viewed as being extremely detrimental to society, and because of this, it is often referred to as the "Boob-tube" or the "Idiot-box". So what makes television so detrimental? - The content (or in the opinion of many) the lack thereof. It is said that television has caused the rotting of our minds, that it depreciates the imagination and contributes to laziness. But the most important accusation against what comes over the airwaves, is that it influences some people into committing antisocial and often immoral behavior. Narrowing down the search of the most important problems reveals an excess of sexual and violent material on Television, most of which is readily available to young and extremely impressionable viewers. This material is often said to be the cause for the increase of violent crimes and open promiscuity, which has become more apparent over the past few d ecades. However, many would disagree with this standpoint. They believe that the amount of sex and violence seen each day on television is not the cause of societal woes, but has been caused by the problems that are witnessed in the real world every day. Perhaps it is just another case of which came first, the chicken or the egg? Also, the television industry is one of the most profitable of all industries, especially in this country, for, "Sex sells," as the saying goes. As for the violence that we see, only violence packed movies make as much money as they do and they are more likely to receive a lot of attention when first viewed on network television than non-violent blockbusters. As a movie executive once put it, "Violence is going ... ... Cancels Crime Show That Fails to Get Any Ads."The New York Times3 May 1989:D1. "Celebrate the Freedom to Read: Read 1996's Most Challenged Books." American Library Association. 1996. Go To Constitution of the United States of America.Amendment I. Eysenck, H. J. "Sex Violence and the Media." New York: St. Martin's Press1978. Godwin, Mike. "Why We'll Win: When Uncle Sam gets out of line, Good Lawyers Are The Best Revenge" HotWired. 1996. Go To Guyton, Kady. "Censored Literature Draws Attention." Student Publications Inc. 1995. Go To Haithman, Diane."Housewife Critic of TV Finds Less to Protest."Los Angeles Times 22 July 1989:V1. Wyatt, Robert O., David Neft, David P. Badger."Free Expression and the American Public: A Survey Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the First Amendment." Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 1991.

How to manage the SMART targets in your career plan. Essay

To complete Business course with DDD by the end of the year. I will do this by attending classes, doing tutorials, turning up to one to ones and studying the course work book at home. I will also aim to hand everything in on time and meet all my deadlines in order to stay on top of the work. In order to get a DDD by the end of the year I must get Merits in all my subjects, if I get a one pass for a unit then I must get a distinction in another unit in order to level it out. Select an appropriate course at a reputable University. I will do this by going to open days and logging on to the universities individual websites where there are usually options to do a virtual tour. In order to go to a university that will offer me good teaching in the area of graphic design I will have to look at a graphic design university leader board in order to see who offers the best learning. I must also speak to graphic design students at different universities to see their opinion on what the teaching is like and how good the facilities are. Apply for university before December. I will apply to university before December by making sure I have written up my first draft of my personal statement early to give my tutor enough time to give back amendments and for me to improve it. I will also look on the internet to find good examples of personal statements and guides on how to write them. Find cheap student accommodation. I will find cheap student accommodation by first selecting the university that I wish to study at and then asking at their help desk for some leaflets about the surrounding places I can live at as a student. I could also check the university’s website for links to student accommodation or details on the site about living in the halls of university. I will try to get the cheapest deal I can whilst not compromising on quality by looking through a lot of student apartments. Complete university course with 2:1 by 2014. I will attempt to complete my university course with 2:1 by purchasing the correct equipment before going to university. This will be a laptop that can stand high end applications and will help me be more efficient in completing assignments because my computer can cope with the programs needed for graphic design. I will also purchase books that will prepare me well for the course; these will be details about HTML coding and guides on how to use Adobe products that will be used in university. I will study hard by attending as many lectures as possible and taking notes on the subject, I will then take this theory into practice into the workshops provided by the university. I will keep on top of the assignments from day one in order to keep on top of my work and in control.

Cell Biology Final Review

Chapter 15 Signal Transduction 1) Endocrine, paracrine , autocrine signaling, and cell-cell contact (Fig. 15-2). Endocrine signaling is long distance signaling. An example would be pancreatic cells secreting insulin. Paracrine signaling is for close proximity. An example would be a nerve cell releasing neurotransmitters. In autocrine signaling the cell that produces the ligand also contains the receptor for that ligand. This is how cancer cells work. In signaling by plasma membrane attached proteins, the target cell does something in response to direct contact from the signaling cell. ) List examples of 1) steroid hormones and 2) amino acid derivatives that act as ligands. What are the catecholamines, and which amino acid are they derived from? Steroid hormones bind cytosolic receptors. They include cortisol, progesterone, estradiol, testosterone, thyroxine and retinoic acid. Steroid receptor complexes increase or decrease the transcription rates of certain genes. Dopamine, norepinep hrine, epinephrine, serotonin and histamine are ligands that are derived from amino acids. Catecholamines are ligands derived from the amino acid tyrosine. 3) What's an agonist? What's an antagonist? A doctor prescribes isoproterenol to his patient – why? Why not epinephrine? Another patient receives alprenolol – why? (See page 629 and Fig. 15-5). Agonist= structural analog, antagonist=inhibitor. Isoproterenol has lower Kd (higher affinity) than epinephrine, and will inc. smooth heart muscle contraction. Alprenol is an antagonist (â€Å"beta blocker†) and slows heart contractions 4) What are the five kinds of second messengers we described in lecture. (Fig. 15-9 shows only four): cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3 and Ca2+ 5) What are GTP-binding (switch) proteins? When are they on? When are they off? (Fig 15-8). GEFs help turn them on. GAPs help turn them off. Are â€Å"on† when bind GTP, and â€Å"off† when bind GDP. Ex: Ras, Ran, trimeric G proteins 6) What are kinases versus phosphatases? Kinases phosphorylate, Phosphatases dephosphorylate 7) What are the main features of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR, Figs. 15-10, 15-12, and 15-13)? What is epinephrine and what kinds of receptors does it bind on what cells to induce what responses? GPCRs= â€Å"seven-pass† receptors with amino terminus outside cell and carboxy terminus inside cell. Epinephrine released when glucose needed quickly (inc. glycogenolysis and lipolysis); binds to GPCR receptor , which activates a G protein (switch protein), which activates an effector protein (adenylyl cyclase) producing cAMP NOTE: cAMP does not involve RTK (tyrosine), but uses Ser/Thr kinases! PDE degrades cAMP 8) Describe the three G proteins ? , ? , and ?. Which one binds GTP/GDP (hint for question 6 above). G? —binds GDP, is tethered to inner leaflet of plasma membrane, but dissociates from ? and ? to activate effector protein (adenylyl cyclase). G? and G? never separated! Are tethered to inner leaflet and work as a unit. 9) Describe FRET (Fig. 15-14). 10) What is adenylyl cyclase? Figs 15-21 and 15-22. What does it do? How is adenylyl cyclase positively and negatively controlled? Positive: epinephrine binds ? adrenergic receptors to activate Gs, actvating adenylyl cyclase; Negative: PGE binds to ? adrenergic receptors to activate Gi which then inhibits adenylyl cyclase. 11) The complete â€Å"Fight or Flight† road map. YIKES!! What happens when cAMP rises? What happens when cAMP drops? 12) T/F: Second messengers are long-lived in their signaling effectiveness? How is cAMP degraded? PDE 13) What is cAMP-dependent protein kinase and how does it work? (Figs. 15-23 and 16-31) Do not involve tyrosine kinases (RTK), but use Ser/Thr kinases (binding of cAMP releases catalytic sites†¦) 14) What do we mean by amplification in signal transduction? Fig. 15-26. So many steps involved in signal transduction b/c you’re amplifying signal at every step fast response 15) PIP2, DAG, IP3, and the release of Calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. (Fig. 15-30). Each PI kinase phosphorylates inositol ring: PI PIP PIP2, and cleavage of PIP2 by Phospholipase C yields DAG and IP3. Phospholipase C is activated by a hormone binding to GPCRs and activation of G proteins. IP3 releases Ca2+ back into cytosol to transduce a signal (Ca2+ binds to PKC which binds to DAG phosphorylates substrates). Ca2+ pumps normally pump Ca2+ (from cytosol) into ER or out to exterior; yet IP3 causes ion channels to open and release Ca2+ into cytosol. Once Ca2+ released, it positively feeds back on channels to allow more Ca2+ to flow out. But once Ca2+ becomes depleted from ER and at high conc. in cytosol, it inhibits channels. ALSO: once Ca2+ rises in cytosol, acts as a 2nd messenger to trigger insulin release 6) Calmodulin. Activated by binding of 4 Ca2+ molecules, it then activates: PDE (to degrade cAMP), glycogen phosphorylase kinase GPK (to break down glucose, activates this path without cAMP! ), other protein kinases, and Nitric Oxide (NO) synthase (involved in acetylcholine relaxation of smooth muscle in conjunction with cGMP) 17) How are blood vessels dilated by acetylcholine (Fig. 15-31)? BTW, what does Viagra do? Acetylcholine binds acetylcholine GPCR, which activates phospholipase C, which makes IP3, which binds to Ca2+ (leading it to inc. n cytosol), and Ca2+ binds calmodulin, which activates NO synthase that produces NO. The NO is then released by paracrine signaling into muscle cells and binds NO receptor that converts GTP to cGMP, which activates protein kinase G relaxation of muscle cell and through endocrine signaling causes blood vessel dilation. VIAGRA blocks degradation of cGMP by PDE (may cause blindness b/c rod cells kept open by cGMP) 18) Beta arrestin in receptor desensitization. If receptor constantly exposed to epinephrine, may itself become phosphorylated by PKAblocking transducing signal, downregulating ALL GPCRs. Once ? -adrenergic receptor is phosphorylated by BARK (? -adrenergic receptor kinase) ? -arrestin binds the receptor to block its activation of Gs, as well as promotes formation of *clathrin-coated vesicles for endocytosis of the bound receptor (to deplete surface receptors) CHAPTER 16: Signal Transduction and Gene Expression 1) List several ligands that bind to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). * Nerve growth factor (NGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin, and more List several kinds of general responses that could occur. What characteristics are different between RTKs and GPCRs (i. e. their protein structure and function)? * RTK= receptor tyrosine kinases; havee components: extracellular ligand-binding site, a single hydrophobic trans-membrane ? helix, and a cytosolic catalytic domain. Ligand binding causes a conformational change that promotes formation of a functional dimeric receptor, bringing together two poorly active kinases that then phosphorylate each other on a tyrosine residue in the activation lip. Phosphorylation causes the lip to move out of the catalytic site, thus allowing ATP or a protein substrate to bind. The activated kinase then phosphorylates other tyrosine residues in the receptor’s cytosolic domain. The resulting phophotyrosines function as docking sites for various signal-transduction proteins. * GPCR= G-protein coupled receptors. Binding of ligand triggers the exchange of GTP for GDP on the G? subunit and dissociation of G? †¢GTP from the G complex, and G? subunit transduces the signal, but in yeast pheromone receptors it’s the G complex. G unctions by triggering a kinase cascade (similar to the one for Ras). Its proteins are involved in mating-specific cellular responses. 2) What are adaptor proteins? Specifically what are SH2, SH3, and PTB domains and how do they work. (Figs. 16-19, 16-20) No intrinsic enzyme activity; have docking sites for other effector proteins, such as SH2, SH3, or PTB domain (Phospho-Tyrosine Binding). These docking prot eins pass the signal onto Ras. 3) Growth FactorRTK>GRB2>SOS>Ras>Raf>MEK>MAP>differential gene expression for cell division or specific cell type differentiation. What happens at each step? (Figs. 16-21, 16-22, 16-25, 16-27). Why so many steps (see question 16 in the previous section)? Sev gene regulates R7 development and in mutants R7 is missing cell differentiates into a cone instead and flies now sensitive to UV light. The Sev gene product is RTK and Boss (in R8 cells) is the ligand for this RTK. Once Boss binds/activates Sev RTK it causes GRB2 (with SH subunits) to bind receptor, leading to relocation of SOS (the GEF for Ras) from the cytosol to the membrane where Ras-GDP resides and it activates it†¦ ) Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 tri-phosphate and Protein Kinase B (Fig. 16-29 and 16-30). PI-3,4,5-triphosphate ( made by phosphorylation of PIP2 at #3 OH by PI-3 Kinase) is docking site for Protein Kinase B. PKB bound to PI 3,4,5-triphosphate and PDK1 (also bound to PI 3,4,5triphosphate) diffuse into membrane and PDK1 phosphorylates/activates PKB Ras-independent insulin signaling 5) Insulin versus glucagon. (Slide from lecture shows a Ta ble comparing and contrasting the two ligands and their effects on serum glucose. ) Insulin: synthesized in ? ells and when there’s high blood glucose activate GLUT4 (glucose transporter) and inc activity of glycogen synthase removal of glucose from blood and its storage as glycogen. Glucagon: reacts to a decrease in blood glucose, stimulating release of glucagon, activating adenylyl cyclase, activating glycogen phosphorylase and inhibiting glycogen synthase degradation of glycogen and release of glucose into blood. Chapter 20: The Cell Cycle 1) Who were the three Nobel Prize winners in Physiology and Medicine for 2001? * Leland Hartwell * Tim Hunt * Paul Nurse ) Review the gross morphological events of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. * Prophase * Chromosomes condense to the 30nm solenoid fiber * Chromatids remain attached at the centromeres and the spindle forms * The nuclear envelope disassembles in most eukaryotic cells (called â€Å"open† mitosis). Ye asts and other fungi have a â€Å"closed† mitosis * ER and Golgi turn into vesicles * Metaphase – Condensed chromosomes align in a straight line that is referred to as the metaphase â€Å"plate† * Anaphase * Sister chromatids separate from each other The spindle is critical for chromatid movement to opposite poles * Molecular motors generate force and movement * Telophase * Beginning of the next interphase * Chromosomes begin to decondense * The nuclear envelop and the nucleolus begin to reassemble * Cytokinesis * Cytoplasm divides * Golgi and ER reform from vesicle fusion 3) Figure 20-2 is a good summary. 4) Three major classes of Cdk/cyclin complexes: Where they work in the cell cycle, and what do they do. What are the three critical steps in the cell cycle? * G1 cyclin-CDKs Expressed when growth factors (EGF, PDGF, NGF, etc) signal the cells to divide * Phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein in mammalian cells * S-phase cyclin-CDKs * Form during G1, but ar e held silent by an inhibitor * The inhibitor is destroyed by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Then, the cell progresses into S-phase * Mitotic cyclin-CDKs * Also called MPF (maturation/mitosis promoting factor) * Form in S-phase and G2, but are held silent until late G2 * Once activated, mitotic Cdk-complexes initiate mitosis * Chromosome condensation Nuclear envelope disassembles and the spindle forms * Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate * ER and Golgi turn into vesicles * Partially activates anaphase promoting complex (APC) 5) Classic experiments: * What happens when you fuse a G1 cell to a M-phase cell? Fig. 20-3 * Interphase cells advance prematuring into M-phase * Now we know that the diffusible regulators are the mitotic Cdk-complexes (MPF) * What happens when you fuse a G1 cell to a S-phase cell? * G1 nuclei begin to replicate their DNA prematurely Used [3H]-thymidine incorporation and autoradiography to visualize DNA synthesis * Now know that diffusible S-phase Cdk-com plexes activated the pre-replication complexes on DNA origins of replication in the G1 nuclei * What happens when you fuse a G2 cell to a S-phase cell? * Re-replication of G2 DNA does not occur * Once DNA is replicated, it cannot be re-replicated in that same cycle * What's the diffusible regulator in the first experiment? MPF 6) What two species of yeast were used to decipher the genetics of the cell ycle? What's a closed mitosis versus and open mitosis? * Budding and fission yeast * In open mitosis, the nuclear envelope disassembles during mitosis. In closed mitosis, the nuclear envelop does not disassemble. 7) What is â€Å"cloning by complementation†? (Fig. 20-4). This is the same as functional complementation. * Many cdc mutations identified are temperature sensitive * Grow and divide at permissive temperatures * Fail to divide at non-permissive temperatures * We can select cDNAs by functional complementation ) What is MPF (what two proteins make up MPF) and where did it s name come from (i. e. what organism and cell type)? (Figs. 20-5 and 20-6) * MPF is the maturation promoting factor. It is comprised of Cdk1-Cyclin B * The name came from studying frog oocyte maturation in vitro 9) The pathway to MPF destruction: What is Anaphase Promoting Complex (APC)? What activates APC? What does APC then do and how does it do it? Fig. 20-10 * MPF is a kinase that phosphorylates many different substrates to initiate mitotic events * To exit mitosis, MPF must be destroyed Destruction of MPF depends on the destruction of Cyclin B * Destruction of Cyclin B is via the ubiquitin pathway * Ubiquitin is covalently linked to lysines behind the destruction box * Cyclin B without the destruction box will not be destroyed * APC destroys MPF, but APC was actually activated earlier at anaphase by MPF 10) You have to know Fig. 20-13 and 20-14!! 11) Molecular events at the onset of mitosis: a) Nuclear envelope disassembly: what are the lamin proteins, how do they disassemble, and where do they go when they disassemble? (Figs. 0-16, 20-17) * The nuclear lamina supports the nuclear envelope. It is found on the underside of the inner envelope membrane. * The nuclear lamina is made of three lamin proteins: A, B and C * All three lamin protein form coiled-coil dimers * Two dimers form a tetramer with head-to-head or tail-to-tail orientations * MPF phosphorylation of Ser residues causes disassembly * A and C diffuse into the cytoplasm. B remains bound to the membranes that form vesicles during mitosis b) Condensation of chromatin: what are the SMC protein (condensins)? * SMC proteins in yeast Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) * Large proteins that form coiled-coils * ATPase activity in their C-terminus * Function in the normal segregation of chromatids * SMC proteins in frogs * Part of a complex called condensin that becomes phosphorylated at the onset of mitosis * Condensins bind DNA and wind it into â€Å"supercoils† with ATP hydrolysis * S everal condensins bind along the lenth of the chromosomes to form coiled-coils to compact the DNA c) Spindle assembly due to MPF phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins d) ER and Golgi vesiculation – due to direct MPF phosphorylation What are the cohesins – what do they do and what regulates their activity? How does APC play a role in this regulation? (Fig. 20-21, 20-22) * Cohesins hold sister chromatids together * Separation of chromatids is not dependent on MPF destruction * Cohesin function is regulated by an anaphase inhibitor called securing. This inhibitor is a target for APC ubiquitination 12) Yeast cell cycle (Figs. 20-29 and 20-28) * Sic1 is the S-phase inhibitor destroyed by ubiquitination * E3 for the ubiquitination is cdc34 * The ubiquitination complex is called SCF Once Sic1 is destroyed, Cdc28/Clb5 + 6 phosphorylate substrates to initiate DNA replication * G1 cyclin-Cdc28 phosphorylated Sic1, enabling its recognition and ubiquitination by Cdc34 and SCF * Cln1 and Cln2 arise early on in the cell * Cdc28 is only in yeast * Clb5 and Clb6 arise late in G1. They are called S-phae cyclins. They are rapidly turned on by the destruction of Sic1 13) Why chromosomes replicate only once per cell cycle ( Fig. 20-30) * Protein degradation makes cell cycle progression move forward, not reverse * Sic1 is destroyed at G1 to S-phase transition Anaphase inhibitory (securing) is destroyed at the metaphase to anaphase transition * Cyclin B is destroyed at the mitosis to G1 transition 14) Early and late mammalian response genes. 15) Mammalian cell cycle (Fig. 20-32) * Growth factor hormones are called mitogens * The absence of mitogens cases cells to arrest in G1 or G0 * If mitogens are added, cells advance past the restriction point and are committed to S-phase and mitosis * Mammalian cells have several Cdks * Cdk 1, 2, 4, and 6 are used for the cell cycle * Cdk 1 complements Cdc2 * Mammalian cells also have multiple cyclins: D, E, A and B 6) D and E cyclins and their function, the Rb and E2F proteins (Figs. 20-33) * D type cyclins come from proto-oncogenes * Cyclin E is the principle player getting the cell past the restriction point * Cyclin D-Cdk4 or 6 is activated first and then Cyclin E-Cdk2 * Once CyclinD-Cdk4/6 is activated in phosphorylates retinoblastoma protein (Rb) which releases E2F * E2F now acts as a transcription activator. Cyclin E-Cdk2 then phosphorylated even more Rb/E2F via positive feedback loop 17) Overview of mammalian check points, p53 (Figs. 20-34 and 20-35)

Marion camp memorial hospital Essays

Marion camp memorial hospital Essays Marion camp memorial hospital Paper Marion camp memorial hospital Paper The Marion Camp Memorial Hospital provides convalescent care for patients with long-term illnesses as well as for patients who require extended periods at physical therapy. The average length of stay at the hospital is for months. The hospital is supported through a combination of state and federal funding, medicare payments, and private donations. Less than 10 percent of the hospital’s revenue is derived from the patients. The hospital director, H.  John (Big Jack) Pace, has become increasingly concerned with the number of complaints the hospital is receiving on various aspects of its health care, and he recently made this the main topic at the monthly staff meeting. In the attendance of the meeting were Alan Carter, chief physician: Nancy Ames, supervisor of nursing; Phil Rogers, manager of support services; and Charlotte James, assistant director. Mr. Pace began the meeting with a brief statement outlining some of the many complaints he’d received, which ranged from cold meals to beds not being changed often enough. https://healtheappointments.com/private-hospital-vs-public-hospitals-essays/ Some of the complaints were from hospital employees themselves. Mr. Pace indicated that he hoped that this wasn’t the start of a decline in the quality of health care. However, his main concern was an upcoming inspection for reaccreditation by the state. In his words, â€Å"You know how they can pick up on something like this and blow it all out of proportion. † Charlotte James, who has been investigating the problem, reported that she was having difficulties because â€Å"doctors, nurses, dieticians, and support people have different definitions of quality.† She also noted that most of the complaints seemed to relate to support services rather than medical care, and Phil Rogers tended to agree with her, but he indicated that he had not been able to â€Å"turn things around. † He pointed out that support people (nurses’ aids, kitchen workers, janitors, painters, etc. ) were unskilled or semiskilled personnel who generally received the minimum wage. He noted that the turnover was high, morale was low, there were no professional standards, and few workers viewed themselves as a part of the â€Å"health care team. †

How to Find the Phoenix Constellation

How to Find the Phoenix Constellation The Phoenix constellation is a southern-hemisphere star pattern. Named after the mythical bird, Phoenix is part of a larger grouping of southern-hemisphere constellations referred to as the Southern Birds. Finding Phoenix To locate Phoenix, look toward the southern region of the southern hemisphere sky. Phoenix is located between the constellations Eridanus (the River), Grus (the crane), and Horologium, the clock. Parts of the constellation are visible to northern hemisphere observers south of the 40th parallel, but the best view is reserved for those living well south of the equator.   Phoenix constellation is a galaxy-hunters delight, with a number of galaxies and clusters. Click to enlarge. Carolyn Collins Petersen The Story of Phoenix In China, this constellation was considered part of the nearby Sculptor star pattern and was viewed as a fish-catching net. In the Middle East, the constellation was called Al Rial and Al Zaurak, the latter of which means the boat. This terminology makes sense, as the constellation is located nearby to Eridanus, the river constellation. In the 1600s, Johann Bayer named the constellation Phoenix and recorded it in his astronomical charts. The name came from the Dutch term Den voghel Fenicx or The Bird Phoenix. French explorer and astronomer Nicolas de Lacaille also charted Phoenix and applied Bayer designations to the brightest stars in the pattern.   The Stars of Phoenix The main part of Phoenix looks like a triangle and a lopsided quadrangle stuck together. The brightest star is called Ankaa, and its official designation is alpha Phoenicis (alpha indicates the brightness). The word Ankaa comes from Arabic and means Phoenix. This star is an orange giant located about 85 light-years away from the Sun. The second brightest star, beta Phoenicis, is actually a pair of yellow giant stars in orbit around a common center of gravity. Other stars in Phoenix form the shape of a boats keel. The official constellation assigned by the International Astronomical Union contains many more stars, some of which appear to have planetary systems around them. The constellation Phoenix as shown in the official IAU charts. IAU/Sky Publishing Phoenix is also the radiant for a pair of meteor showers called the December Phoenicids and the July Phoenicids. The December shower occurs from November 29 until December 9; its meteors come from the tail of comet 289P/Blanpain. The July shower is very minor and occurs from July 3 to July 18 each year.   Deep-Sky Objects in Phoenix Located in the far south position in the sky, Phoenix is far from the Milky Ways abundant star clusters and nebulae. Nevertheless, Phoenix is a galaxy hunters delight, with numerous types of galaxies to explore. Amateur stargazers with a decent telescope will be able to view NGC 625, NGC 37, and a group of four called Roberts Quartet: NGC 87, NGC 88, NGC 89, and NGC 92. The quartet is a compact galaxy group about 160 million light-years away from us.   The Phoenix Cluster galaxies seen in x-ray, visible light, and ultraviolet wavelengths. X-ray: NASA/CXC/MIT/M.McDonald et al; Optical: NASA/STScI; Radio: TIFR/GMRT Professional astronomers study these galaxies in an effort to understand how such giant associations of galaxies exist. The biggest one in the area is the Phoenix Cluster: 7.3 million light-years across and located 5.7 billion light-years away. Discovered as part of the South Pole Telescope collaboration, the Phoenix Cluster contains a highly active central galaxy that produces hundreds of new stars per year. Although it cant be seen with amateur telescopes, an even larger cluster exists in this region, too: El Gordo. El Gordo is comprised of two smaller galaxy clusters colliding with each other.

Mobile email devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mobile email devices - Essay Example In this paper, the proponent includes critical evaluation of electronic mail as a communication tool in organisations. In particular, there is a need to particularly know how does the use of mobile email devices impact on current understanding of email use. Mobile email devices In the midst of technological advancement particularly in the innovation of information technology, emails have been so important in day to day flow of business transactions, communication system and in connecting people around the world. Everyone seems cannot bear to loss communication due to the fact that to communicate at a fast pace has become a basic necessity and not a mere luxury. It is in this reason that technology has been improved prior to integrating a system that can be readily used for a fast-paced communication activity. Smart phones From their first existence in the market, smart phones have been viewed as vibrant figures of luxury due to the creation and more enhancements on their features. Th e manufacturing companies for smart phones are indeed successful in stimulating market needs for their line of offerings because of their acceptance not just on their features but for their entire value that cannot be exclusively defined. Laptops Laptops are other tools used in communication today. Due to their portability compared to personal computers, they are widely appreciated especially when a user travels a lot and is carrying important information that needs to be electronically stored. With their convenient package and features, laptops are sold everywhere because of their convenience and practicality depending on their specific and significant use. Combined smartphones and laptops This is the newest innovation of today’s modern times. The features of smartphones and laptops are combined together to come up with one significant products incorporating the capacity of both smartphones and laptops. This can be viewed as innovative products of leading mobile phone manufa cturers in the world. One simple illustration how the features of smartphones and laptops are combined is the creation of iPods from Apple Incorporated, Blackberries and other related products carrying other brand names. Email use and the impact of mobile email devices With the advent of modern mobile devices, emails can be accessed and created everywhere especially in the presence of high speed broadband connection and wi-fi connection. However, there are different types of emails and they can be significantly identified according to their purpose. Types of emails There are different types of emails and they usually consist of spam, business and personal items. These emails are very common today and they are what make email provider companies profitable in this type of business. These emails can be accessed right away from any available mobile devices especially those that can readily surf the internet anytime, anywhere. Emails that can cause emotional reaction are those that parti cularly involve the issue about satisfaction and motivation which specifically cause a reaction. These emails are widely involved in the corporate setting and even outside of the business world. It depends on the main thought that is included in the email that involves it on the emotional considerations. There are also emails that express emotion and these are types that come from friends and generally from the corporate world. They can also trigger issues about satisfaction and motivation. Emails from interactive social network for instance are also capable enough to express emotions. This entertains almost everyone and entices them to go access and surf the internet.

What impact has the evolution of social media had on our society in Essay

What impact has the evolution of social media had on our society in regards to the products we buy and how we receive information - Essay Example These impacts are in regard to the products bought and how information is received.Consequently, it will discuss the influence that social media has on the decisions that people make. The elements of social media are digital objects. They vary in sizes and are of different types. Twitter post also known as tweets have a limitation of up to 40 characters, while email messages are only a few lines of a few paragraphs in length. The variation in sizes causes dramatic patterns of interaction.MediaWiki, gives support to six levels of headers and automatically generates a table of contents, easing the creation of large pages. Social media have developed around a significant kind of a digital object. These objects include You Tube videos, Flickr photos, bookmarks at delicious, books on Amazon, music or podcast at iTunes, TV shows at Hulu, and people at facebook.Tweet at twitter, messages at discussion forums or email lists, pages at Wikipedia, products at eBay, presentations at Slide Share, 3D objects in Second life, and career professionals at LinkedIn are also some of the digital objects (Hansen, Shneiderman and Smith 15). Social media provide avenues for people to take part in presenting their identity themselves (Al-deen and Hendricks 4).There is a great difference between online social interactions and one on one interaction in offline social networks. They offer avenues for expressing minimal restrictions. Those, that use online social networks, can give their views and ideas quite freely than in conversing one on one. The internet has improved buying and purchase power and reduced costs, reduced the barriers to enter markets, increased competition on a globally and reduced intermediation. The Internet has made every company regardless of its location easy to enter the competitive market. The internet has made it easy and less costly to advertise and for various firms to connect with their suppliers and customers (Muller 2).Users go to social media to